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An interactive data visualization of The Life of Lazarillo de Tormes 's plot and themes. Lazarillo de Tormes is a short but extraordinary work, published anonymously in The book begins with a brief Prologue which is brilliantly ambiguous: 1. It is written by an ostensibly uneducated town crier but alludes to several classical authors and is full of rhetorical devices; 2. The letter proper is divided into seven sections tratados of unequal length. Of these, the friar, peddlar, chaplain and constable are dismissed in a few lines.
Tratado 1. Lazarillo quickly and literally learns the hard knocks of life. The first thing the blind man does is tell Lazarillo to put his head close to a stone bull and listen for an unusual sound the stone bull still stands at one end of the Roman bridge over the River Tormes.
Innocently, Lazarillo does as he is told and immediately has his head smashed against the bull by the blind man. It was, as he says, a wake-up call. From then on the relationship between Lazarillo and his master becomes a battle of wits in which the blind man emerges victorious, with one exception… the final battle! But his first master is astute, deceiving not only the child who was blind to the ways of the world, but also adults who should know better.
He is a master beggar and knows how to make money, having memorised countless prayers for all occasions. Lazarillo uses all the tricks he can to outwit the blind man, stealing from his wine jar, eating more than his share of grapes, replacing a juicy sausage with a turnip, but on each occasion he is found out. Having suffered enough at the hands of the blind man, Lazarillo is determined to move on. The tratado ends with one final trick. On a rainy day, as they are crossing a village square, Lazarillo persuades his master to take a running jump to avoid a wide gutter.
The blind man ends up half dead on the ground after crashing into a stone pillar. The circle is complete; the blind man has no more to teach him. Tratado 2. Using what he has learnt from his first master, Lazarillo embarks on a battle of wits with the priest centred on his attempts to steal eucharist bread from a chest which the priest kept locked.
The Life of Lazarillo de Tormes and of His Fortunes and Adversities Spanish: La vida de Lazarillo de Tormes y de sus fortunas y adversidades is a Spanish novella, published anonymously, because of its heretical content. The book was published during the period known as the Spanish Inquisition, and the first Spanish trials against Lutherans were about to take place. In , the Crown allowed circulation of a version which omitted Chapters 4 and 5 and assorted paragraphs from other parts of the book.
A complete version did not appear in Spain until the Nineteenth century. It was the Antwerp version that circulated throughout Europe, in French translation , in English translation , in Dutch translation after Flanders went under Dutch rule , in German translation , and in Italian translation Lazarillo introduced the picaresque device of delineating various professions and levels of society.
Primary objections to Lazarillo were to its vivid and realistic descriptions of the world of the pauper and the petty thief. In Antwerp it followed the tradition of the impudent trickster figure Till Eulenspiegel.
It resulted in censorship of novels by Pierre Beaumarchais, one of whose plays was used for the operatic libretto of The Marriage of Figaro by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. There are two appearances of the name Lazarus in the Bible, and not all critics agree as to which story the author was referring to when he chose the name. The more well-known tale of Lazarus occurs in John, in which Jesus raises Lazarus from the dead. The surname de Tormes comes from the river Tormes.
In the narrative, Lazarillo explains that his father ran a mill on the river where he was literally born on the river. There is an old mill on the river Tormes and there is a statue of Lazarillo and the blind man next to the Roman bridge or puente romano of the city.
Consequently, in Spain a guide dog is called a perro lazarillo. The anonymous author included many popular sayings and ironically interpreted popular stories.
Lazarillo attacked the appearance of the church and its hypocrisy, though not its essential beliefs, a balance not often present in picaresque novels that followed. The work is a masterpiece for its internal artistic unity. But there is a deeper, more unsettling humour and irony here.
Besides creating a new genre, Lazarillo de Tormes was critically innovative in world literature in several aspects:. Don Quixote interrogates this writer about his book;. The author criticises many organisations and groups of persons in his book, most notably the Catholic Church and the Aristocracy.
These two organisations are clearly criticised through the different masters that Lazarillo has during his time. This second part was a success in Spain, where it was reprinted 4 times, and in FRance, where 7 different translation where available before the end of the 17th century. The great achievement of the Lazarillo de Tormes is the creation of a new genre: the picaresque novel.
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